Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

Characterizing spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in the soils from mining-smelting activities in Shuikoushan, Hunan Province, China

The spatial variation of heavy metals in the soils in Shuikoushan mining-smelting area, Hunan Province, China, was investigated using multivariate and geo-statistic analysis. A total of 106 composite soil samples were collected in an area of about 100 km2. Concentrations of total As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Arsenic and Pb were found to have a common source, indicating the same sources and spreading processes, such as aerosols and airborne particulates from smelting chimneys. Airborne sources from smelting chimneys contributed greatly to Cd in the area, which demonstrated the same dispersion pattern as As and Pb. However, two hot spots of Cd around smelters were possibly enlarged by wastewaters, demonstrating another important source of Cd in Shuikouhsan. Geo-statistic interpolated mapping demonstrated that hotspots of Zn were only found proximal to the large smelters, suggesting that Zn primarily came from the chimneys of larger smelters. The major Cu hot-spots appeared closely to the tailing dam, indicating that weathering and leaching of tailings were the major sources of Cu contamination in Shuikoushan. Our findings indicated that airborne volatile particles and aerosols contributed the most to As, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu contamination, while Cd and Cu may also derive from the discharge of wastewater from smelters and the leaching of tailings, respectively.     

五溴联苯醚-镉胁迫下蚯蚓抗氧化防御反应

文章采用自然土壤染毒法,研究了Cd2+和DE-71对蚯蚓体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明,两种污染物对蚯蚓的三种酶活性均产生一定的影响,DE-71主要表现为诱导效应,而高浓度的Cd2+则会产生抑制作用,SOD和CAT较POD敏感,对环境污染有很好的指示作用。Cd2+和DE-71复合染毒对抗氧化防御系统产生一定的联合毒性效应,SOD主要由协同转变为拮抗作用;以CAT指示的联合效应则受DE-71染毒浓度的影响,当Cd2+与10和100mg/kg(干重)DE-71复合时,联合毒性作用由协同转变为拮抗,而与400mg/kg(干重)DE-71复合时则呈现协同作用;POD指标下两种污染物间则表现为拮抗作用。总体来说Cd2+与DE-71对蚯蚓的抗氧化防御反应主要表现为拮抗效应。     

石油污染地的土壤修复技术

对石油污染土壤的各类修复技术进行了总结和归纳,并对各项技术的优缺点加以比较,提出了一套石油污染地生态恢复的流程。     

基于分形方法确定合肥大兴地区土壤中Cd元素的异常下限

在土壤元素异常下限值的确定对环境地球化学评价具有重要意义,传统异常下限值计算方法仅适用于元素含量数据呈正态分布的情况,而事实上土壤元素含量的空间分布极其复杂,很可能具有多重分形分布特征,元素背景和异常有各自独立的幂指数关系。本文探讨利用分形方法确定典型工业区土壤中Cd元素的异常下限值。基于分形的含量一面积方法确定了合肥大兴地区（典型工业区）土壤中污染元素Cd的异常下限值为0．445mg／kg,并根据该异常下限值圈定了异常范围。同时与传统方法（平均值加两倍标准离差）确定的土壤中Cd元素异常下限值及异常范围进行了对比分析,结果显示,分形方法圈定的异常区域是有效的、合理的,控制了区内主要的导致土壤Cd元素污染的企业。     

亚热带土壤反硝化过程中NO-3-N对CH4排放的影响

研究了发育于不同成土母质和不同土地利用方式下的45个亚热带土壤样本,在反硝化严格厌氧培养条件下（密闭、淹水、充N₂）,加入KNO₃的处理（加入N量为200 mg·kg^-1）和不加KNO₃的空白对照对CH₄产生和排放的影响.结果表明,厌氧培养条件下无论加入KNO₃与否,CH₄的产生和排放首先取决于土壤有机碳总量水平及其有效性.对照土壤中花岗岩母质发育的土壤和KNO₃处理土壤中稻田利用方式下的土壤CH₄排放量最高.加入KNO₃显著抑制了CH₄的产生和排放,NO^-₃-N对CH₄产生的抑制效应可能较N₂O对CH₄产生的抑制效应更大.加入KNO₃处理中厌氧培养第1周内的NO^-₃-反硝化量和降低速率是决定CH₄排放量的关键因素.不加KNO₃的对照土壤中,73％的土样表现为 Fe²⁺的产生和CH₄的排放之间呈指数关系增长,表明Fe³⁺和CO₂的还原可同步进行.NO^-₃-N不仅显著抑制了CH₄的产生和排放,也抑制了Fe³⁺的还原.     

Cd对不同形态漆酶修复DDT污染土壤的影响

研究了重金属Cd对游离漆酶和同定化反胶团漆酶修复土壤有机氯农药DDT污染的影响.结果表明.游离漆酶对土壤中DDT各组分均有不同程度降解,且均随着cd浓度的增大而降低,含量越高的组分降解率越高.受到Cd污染的影响也越大(P,P'-DDT>P,P'-DDD>0.P'-DDT>P,P'-DDE);当Cd浓度分别为0、0.5、1和2 mg·kg-1时,游离漆酶对土壤中DDT总量的降解率分别为50.68%、32.50%、14.92%和13.40%.固定化反胶团漆酶比游离漆酶能更有效地降解DDT,DDT降解率在无Cd和有Cd存在时(Cd浓度为0.5 mg·kg-1)分别提高20%和30%左右.     

上海宝山区农用土壤重金属分布与来源分析

以上海宝山区为典型区域,在获取216个农用表层土壤样品重金属实测数据的基础上,运用多元统计和地统计相结合的方法,对上海宝山区农用土壤重金属的含量水平、分布特征和来源进行系统分析.结果表明,上海市宝山区农用土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn的平均含量值分别为0.195、0.148、7.44、82.5、29.1、33.2、124.5 mg.kg-1,均没有超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,但Cd、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Hg元素平均含量值超过上海市土壤背景值,其中Cd、Hg、Zn最为显著,分别是对应背景值的1.50、1.48、1.45倍,呈现出明显的累积趋势.相关分析和因子分析结果显示,各元素的来源可分为三类,Zn、Cd、Hg和Pb为一类,Cr和Cu为一类,As单独为一类;前两类元素含量远高于对应元素背景值,来源主要受各种人为活动影响,As元素含量与背景值相当,各样品含量的变异程度最低,来源主要与成土母质有关.空间结构分析表明,As元素以土壤母质、地形等结构性变异为主,其它元素主要受人为活动等随机因子影响;通过对临界值概率等值线的分布分析发现,Cd、Zn、Cr、Cu、Hg来源以点源为主,来源较为集中,Pb来源相对较为分散.     

湖南市场和污染区稻米中As、Pb、Cd污染及其健康风险评价

为了更好地了解和评价湖南大米中As、Pb和Cd含量及其对人体的健康影响,在对湖南矿区和冶炼区水稻土壤重金属污染调查的基础上,分别以湖南各地市场大米和污染区当地生产的稻谷样品为例,对其进行重金属含量分析及对人体的健康风险评价.结果表明,湖南各地市场大米样品中As、Pb和Cd的平均含量分别是0.20、0.20和0.28mg·kg-1,其中,衡阳市场大米中的As、Pb和Cd含量最高,其次是株洲和湘潭市场的大米.污染区稻谷中As、Pb和Cd含量分布均为:谷壳糙米精米,污染区精米中As、Pb和Cd的含量分别是0.24、0.21和0.65mg·kg-1,其中,来自衡阳常宁市水口山铅/锌矿区的稻谷样品中的As、Pb和Cd含量最高,其次是株洲清水塘冶炼区和湘潭锰矿区的稻谷.与市场大米样品相比,污染区精米中As、Pb和Cd的平均含量比市场大米样品高.无论是市场大米样品,还是从污染区稻田采集的稻米,均以衡阳地区稻米中的As、Pb和Cd污染最为严重,其次为株洲和湘潭地区.在As、Pb和Cd的健康风险评价中,Cd是湖南各地稻米中影响人体健康的主要因子,株洲和湘潭的Cd污染区达到90%以上,其次是As和Pb.